Poor Parenting Techniques Displayed in Maurice Sen Essay Example For Students

Poor Parenting Techniques Displayed in Maurice Sen Essay daks Where The Wild Things Are Poor Parenting can cause ineffectively carried on youngsters Where The Wild Things Are was first distributed in 1963 and is the initial segment of a set of three of grant winning books by American writer and artist Maurice Sendak. Where The Wild Things Are is eerie and inventive and portrays how a little youngster, called Max, makes an imaginary dreamland so as to manage the frightening truth of outrage. Poor child rearing is an absence of child rearing methods and abilities according to the duties and commitments, which should be satisfied so as to achieve conspicuous issues inside the family relationship. Poor child rearing is well on the way to originate from a nonappearance of participation from both youngster and parent, fulfilling the two needs and needs with the goal that the two of them arrive at shared conviction. Contingent upon the age of the kid, an absence of child rearing strategies and abilities influences a youngster contrastingly mentally, intellectually, genuinely, socially and inwardly. Be that as it may, it is controlled by the occasions occurring outside the home condition, which can incorporate a separation or war. The job of the parent in a childs life is exceptionally compelling and potential results of deficient child rearing methods and aptitudes can bring about the kid getting ineffectively carried on. This is spoken to in the childrens picture book, Where The Wild Things Are by Maurice Sendak. While Max fights for power, his mom shows many child rearing strategies, which have prompted extreme results according to his poor conduct. Awful conduct impacts a childs long haul development as a person and tricks their excursion from kid to develop grown-up. Youngsters build up a feeling of worthy conduct dependent on the strategies utilized by their folks. Negative conduct comes because of the kid feeling unreliable, getting forceful, furious, withdrawn, requesting, dependant, unrestrained and furthermore building up a derisive want to turn the tables on the world. These terrible conduct angles are results reached as the parent has responded to become over-controlling with orders, tokens of poor conduct and alerts. With the parent being the unchallenged chief, it is normal for the youngster with a tyrant in the family unit to feel touchy, and blow up and volatile rapidly. Because of being provided requests and steady updates on their conduct it is no big surprise why a few kids experience social issues and why numerous guardians look for help so as to compel their youngster and attempt to fix them. As Max deciphers the contrast among adequate and unsatisfactory conduct in the image book Where the Wild Things Are by Maurice Sendak, it is obviously clear that the manners by which he and his mom are depicted impact the delineation of characters by the inferred peruser. Maxs mother is spoken to in the content as the tyrant. She has the commanding situation in the family and is probably going to be the family chief. During the 1960s, ladies were the maids and spouses and were the sole minder of the youngsters as the dad was a workingman who provided the bread and water. It should not shock the suggested peruser that Maxs mother was subsequently the predominant dictator as her principle work was to think about the youngsters. Max is spoken to as a bold yet colossal 6 to multi year old youngster with damaging conduct. He is wearing a wolf suit as a camouflage; it represents a feeling of advancement and security. Maxs conduct is spoken to in the beast picture he drew. It recommends the experience he is going to enter isn't something that is new. He could have been thinking about a dreamland, far away from the truth of his resentment at his mom, and that he has a past filled with dangerous conduct. Maxs poor conduct and attributes are impacted by his moms child rearing aptitudes and strategies. In a period of incredible turn of events and development in this period of his youth, Maxs social improvement qualities included challenging his mom which is clear toward the beginning of the book when he was sent to bed however rather set out on an audacious excursion. Max likewise doesnt have a positive of good and bad and it is obvious from .

Role Of Accounting In Standard Setting

Questions: 1. Are the Annual Reports in Compliance with the Conceptual Framework and AASB Standard prerequisites? 2.How the Conceptual Framework Revision to incorporate Prudence is probably going to address the uniqueness in Corporate Reporting is a prerequisite in your analysis.3.Compare and Contrast the two Annual Reports, recognize the distinctions in Disclosures of these Corporations. Answers: Presentation The current report comprises of examination on various parts of yearly report of two organizations situated in Australia and recorded on Australian Stock Exchange by considering the ongoing years budgetary report. The picked associations have a place with the retailing business Harvey Norman and its rival Woolworths Limited (Harveynorman.com.au 2016) (Woolworths 2016). The examination covers the investigation on consistence of theoretical structure alongside the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) standard necessities for perceiving money related data. The report remembers the idea of bookkeeping job for setting standard, worldwide bookkeeping and estimating bookkeeping alongside the capital market and standardizing bookkeeping. Furthermore, reasonability level tending to the divergence in corporate revealing for the chose organizations has been assessed while distinguishing the distinctions in money related report exposures. Conversation Foundation of the associations Harvey Norman, in light of Australia, is an enormous worldwide retailing association bargains in furniture, PCs, bedding and other enhanced items as electronic contraptions. The organization has been established in 1982 by Gerry Harvey and Ian Norman having the home office in Australia (Harveynorman.com.au 2016). Right now, the association has around 194 areas while the present income added up to $5.3 billion and working salary added up to $523 million (Harveynorman.com.au 2016). Woolworths Limited is viewed as a solid contender of Harvey Norman and is a second biggest retailer in Australia established in the year 1924 established basically by Percy Christmas and Stanley Chatterton. The present estimation of the association has been $30.2 billion while the working salary $1.6 billion and number of areas more than 3,800 in the district of Australia (Woolworths 2016). The critical business of the association incorporates Australian division food items and petroleum items which comprises of two-third of the complete income for example $39.4 million (Woolworths 2016). 1.Conceptual system and AASB standard compliances Theoretical system of bookkeeping is a logical device that incorporates different standards and guidelines to perceive and speak to the bookkeeping data in the budget reports of the association. The essential attribute of the applied structure incorporates judiciousness level, dependability and importance of the money related data to assist partners. It requires the associations to follow the reasonability level while perceiving livelihoods and costs alongside the important money related data (Ball, Li and Shivakumar 2015). The motivation behind planning and introducing budget summary is to give pertinent and solid data to the clients to acquire valid and reasonable view on the companys execution. Another necessity of reasonable structure is to follow gathering premise and going concern premise while introducing the money related report to decide the manageability and soundness of the organization (Lang and Stice-Lawrence 2015). Thinking about the money related report of Harvey Norman, it very well may be said that the yearly report has been arranged and introduced by consenting the guidelines of applied system. The organization recorded the wages and use by considering the judiciousness level and on gathering premise though the benefits and liabilities at reasonable worth (allude reference section 1). The association had adhered to AASB gauges to esteem the advantages and detailing the monetary data of auxiliary gatherings. The organization additionally adhered to the standard of AASB on remote trade as for deciphering the bookkeeping data of auxiliary to decide proportionate worth, which included outside current exchanges (allude informative supplement 2). It has been noticed that the organization observed AASB standard on fragment answering to unveil the business exercises dependent on the land area (Harveynorman.com.au 2016). Correspondingly, the money related report of Woolworths Limited has been broke down to decide the consistence of applied structure and AASB principles. Expanding pattern in the profit and material divulgences on costs speaks to the consistence of accumulation premise and going concern premise while introducing the fiscal summaries. The budget report of salary reflected deals income for the gathering industry subsequent to giving corporate assessment, which expresses the consistence of bookkeeping principles and calculated system. Combined pay of the organization alongside the merged benefit $2,146 million has been perceived according to the AASB principles on income acknowledgment (Woolworths 2016). Collected installments during the year like budgetary charges and different costs have been delegated really paid and remarkable installment to perceive in the pay stamen and monetary record separately. Break profit, which is paid has been recorded in the salary explanation though profit payable in a critical position sheet as risk mirrors the consistence of theoretical structure. To set standard is to give uniform standards and guidelines to bookkeeping out in the open enthusiasm to introduce the responsible and straightforward budget reports. Likewise, worldwide bookkeeping gives the uniform guidelines to perceive the budgetary data as far as worth and techniques with the goal that presentation of the organization can be assessed in equal structure (Chauvey et al. 2015). In like manner, Harvey Norman observed the combination measures and identical measure of outside cash in Australian Dollar terms while Woolworths Limited additionally follows the universal bookkeeping framework to introduce the independent and merged budgetary data. 2.Prudence level tending to the Corporate Reporting difference Judiciousness level alludes to the acknowledgment of bookkeeping proclamations by applying the sensible assessments for earnings and costs following the moderate methodology. Judiciousness level of bookkeeping applied structure expresses that the salaries or incomes are not perceived by overestimating while the costs or expected misfortunes are not perceived by thinking little of. In any case, corporate revealing gives the acknowledgment and divulgence of bookkeeping data for incorporated detailing, far reaching announcing, corporate administration and manageability announcing (Tracey 2015). It is fundamental for the recorded organizations to consider the capital market necessities for exchanging of value protections and long haul obligation by going along the monetary guidelines and other market administrative framework. Moreover, Normative Accounting is a hypothesis required to be trailed by associations to introduce the financial estimation of the association in ensuing years adva ntageous for the speculators or organization itself (Barker 2015). The yearly report of Harvey Norman reveals the presentation level, money related position and material revelation alongside the relationship quality regarding buyers, network, speculators and different partners. It mirrors the thorough salary owing to the proprietors $278 million while that to minority proprietors $2 million during the year 2015 and the income for every portion of the organization was 24.51 pennies which gives the positive execution and financial incentive to the speculators (Harveynorman.com.au 2016). Plus, Annual report of Woolworths Limited gives the material divulgence regard to the budgetary presentation, monetary situation alongside the estimation to give financial incentive to the shoppers. The organization likewise gave the announcement to corporate administration speaking to the shareholding and particular qualities for the value capital thinking about the best 20 investors (allude reference section 5). It is fundamental to amend the theoretical structure relevant to the monetary data of the organization over the period to assess the temporary misfortunes and costs. Standard rates, confinements of the particular hierarchical worth dependent on the salary benchmark ought to be investigated to expel the dissimilarity in corporate revealing (Woolworths 2016). As needs be, Harvey Norman perceived the administrations esteem regarding the workers for the detailing time frame following the cost rates for recording lease arrangements dependent on the swelling rates, venture return and other regulatory costs. In addition, monetary report of Woolworths assessed the costs for worker advantages, protection and rebuilding costs dependent on a year for yearly leave and long-administration leave considering the limiting rate 3.dentification of contrasts in organization divulgences Acknowledgment of money related report of Harvey Norman and Woolworths are comparable and indistinguishable while there are sure contrasts in introducing the hierarchical assets esteem and different costs. Budget summaries of Harvey Norman don't cover a particular report on the material business hazard though Woolworths Limited establishes a specific report expressing the material business chance. Also, yearly report of Harvey Norman comprises certain hypothesis on Normative bookkeeping, Positive bookkeeping alongside the capital market introduction which isn't introduced in the yearly report of Woolworths Limited. Distinction on appraisals and decisions to decide the money related estimation of salary proclamations and monetary position, which depends on authentic expense and the present economic situations in the budgetary report of Woolworths Limited (Woolworths 2016). Unexpectedly, Harvey Norman followed the assessments for perceiving the estimation of benefits and different asse ts dependent on future occasions including the reco

An Astrological Guide to the College App Process

An Astrological Guide to the College App Process Anyone in the admissions office knows that I have an unhealthy obsession with astrology. Scientifically speaking, there are tons of reasons why we shouldnt believe in astrology (anyone in the EAPS Department would cringe seeing this post), but I find it fun to read an analysis of my sign and see what parts I do or do not relate to. Plus, Im constantly asking my fellow admissions officers and student tour guides for their sun, moon, and rising signs so that I can give them an astrological reading. Thus, Ive decided to share my secret talent with you all in the hopes that you find something to relate to (and perhaps help you procrastinate if you havent submitted a Regular Action application by January 1st yet!). In all seriousness, Im not really an astrologer, so take everything I say with a grain of salt. However, whether you agree with what I predicted for your sign or not, the pieces of advice for every sign in this post apply to all applicants, so have fun reading and dont come for me in the comments! Capricorn My capricorn friends are some of the most ambitious people I know. And during the college application process, this can be great! You arent afraid to throw in an application to a school that seems unlikely, because why not shoot for the stars? However, at MIT, we often receive applications where its obvious a student has only applied to us because of the prestige of MIT and doesnt actually know what this institution is like. College is a place where youll be for the next 4-6 years, perhaps living on their campus. It is so much more important to do your research and find schools where youll be happy than just applying to a school because of its name. Aquarius A trait that Ive admired in all of my aquarius friends/family members is their ability to not internalize what other people think about them. Theyre often known as the cool, calm, and collected signs. While I wish I was able to develop this skill earlier in life personally, during the college application process the opinions of your teachers and counselors will matter, as letters of recommendation are vital. Its a great idea to chat with your recommenders and think about what youd want them to include in your letters and gauge how they perceive you. Pisces Where would many of us be without pisces in our lives? One of the most empathetic signs, pisces are known for their excellent listening skills and abilities to be a great friend. Dont forget that applying to college is a time where you need to focus on yourself! Be a good friend and support your community through tough times, but make sure youre preserving some emotional energy to get through your own applications and the emotional rollercoaster of this college application process. Aries As a leo, my Aries friends are the only ones who are able to take charge in a group setting as much as I do. As a fire sign, they are known for being bold, taking charge, and leading the way. Utilize these strengths while completing applications, but also rely on your community. This process is tough for everyone and its hard for anyone to get through it alone. Have adult mentors review your essays and listen to the advice they give you. Taurus I know youre used to it, but the hallmark sign of a taurus is their bullish stubbornness. Hold onto your values, and trust yourself when getting advice from others because not all advice is good advice. However, the best way to navigate the college process is to be open-minded. Perhaps that means adding a college to your list that you initially didnt think youd apply to, or being open to the way financial aid may influence your final decision. Very few people go through the process exactly as they expected, so try to be open as much as you can. Gemini Many in the astrological world refer to geminis as the two-faced sign, and I think thats overly simplistic. Geminis are incredibly concerned about the way people they interact with are feeling, and are experts at adapting themselves to different social situations. In a college application, we strive to view the most authentic version of yourself as possible. We try to gauge your fit with MIT by learning about who you are and seeing we think youd be happy in our community. Dont try to tell the admissions officers what you think they want to hear just put as much of your personality as possible on the application! Cancer As a water sign, cancers have lots of emotions that are often in flux. The college application process is emotional for everyone going through it, but cancers definitely feel those emotions much more intensely than others. One skill that makes a student very successful in college is learning how and when to rely on your support system. Know the resources and people in your life who you can utilize when you might face good or bad news or when your cancer ways impact your ability to continue working on applications. Leo I may be biased as a leo myself, but we are the most loyal sign in the zodiac. Without our friendships, we wouldnt be ourselves. When I was last home in NJ for Thanksgiving, I hung out with two of my best friends who have been in my life since the 4th grade (talk about loyalty!). I remember applying to my undergrad institution with one of those friends back in high school and thought about how much fun it would be to go to college together. This is going to be really hard for you leos, but where your friends (or significant others) are applying to college should not impact your list. If you happen to have similar interests and apply to similar schools, thats awesome, but be sure that you are applying to colleges where you would honestly be happiest yourself. Virgo If you need to overthink something in 30 different ways, look no further than your virgo friend who has probably already done that before breakfast. Your analytical ways are both a strength and a weakness in this process. I expect that your essays will be strong because youve proofread them 5 times and that your college list is well-balanced and well-researched. However, there is no such thing as a perfect college essay, and you definitely should not apply to 100+ schools because you cant decide on a college list. Try your best on everything in your application and then be OK with hitting submit! Libra Libras are represented by balancing scales in the zodiac because they are truly the most well-balanced sign of the zodiac. Theyre great at thinking through things from all possible viewpoints and angles. Utilize this strength during the process! Perhaps that means dropping an extracurricular activity in 12th grade to prioritize your college applications, or maybe that means having a college list with a mix of colleges that youre really excited about, some that seem to be affordable for your family, and some that you feel more or less confident about being admitted to. Youre already great at balancing a lot in life keep it up during this challenging and stressful time. Scorpio Without control, scorpios panic. Your strong ability to read a social situation and understand power dynamics is very helpful in many aspects of life. However, during the college application process, there are often many things that happen that you cant control, especially after you hit the submit button. One of my friends from college and current roommate was a part of the Posse Foundation. Her groups motto was trust the process while they were applying to colleges, and I think that especially holds true for scorpios. Its not easy, I know, but its important for mental health! Sagittarius Sags are known for their adventurous personalities and excitement for new experiences. Although this process can feel daunting, lean on your adventurous side! Apply to fly-in programs to explore different universities in new settings, dont cross off schools from your list just because theyre really far away or in a place you dont know a lot about, and throw in your application at schools that seem very selective if you think youd be happy there. I know feelings of stress and anxiety are normal during this process, but imagining what your future will look like and who you want to become during college can also be exciting and get you through the slug of senioritis.

The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin - 970 Words

â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin involves a woman, Louise Mallard, with heart disease discovering news of her husband s death in a train accident. At the end of the story, as Mrs. Mallard is walking down the steps with Josephine and Mr. Mallard walks through the door. Mrs. Mallard died as a result of stress on her heart. The narrator reports, â€Å"When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease-- of joy that kills† (181). Chopin makes this quote the last line of the play; this leaves readers with the question of what actually killed Mrs. Mallard.The doctors think that Mrs. Mallard died because of the joy of seeing her husband again. However, Mrs. Mallard dies because of the shock of seeing her husband and sadness from realizing that the joy she felt was over. So in reality, Mrs. Mallard died of heart disease—of sorrow that kills. Some reasons Mrs. Mallard felt so much sorrow when she saw Mr. Mallard are the time period, her loveless marr iage, and her being robbed of the joy she felt. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† was published in 1894 during this time women started to fight more for their rights. Women didn’t have near the same rights as men because of the patriarchal society of the time. This patriarchy has a major effect on the story because women were seen as the property of men. Mr. Mallard’s death gave Mrs. Mallard an opportunity at being independent and free. When Mrs. Mallard receives the information that her husband is dead, she goes to her room toShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1241 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is a wonderful short story bursting with many peculiar twists and turns. Written in 1894, the author tells a tale of a woman who learns of her husband’s death, but comes to find pleasure in it. Many of the elements Kate Chopin writes about in this story symbolize something more than just the surface meaning. Through this short story, told in less than one thous and one hundred words, Kate Chopin illustrates a deeper meaning of Mrs. Mallard’s marriage with herRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin855 Words   |  4 PagesThe Story of an Hour In the â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, is about pleasure of freedom and the oppression of marriage. Just like in Kate Chopin’s story, inside most marriages, even the ones that seem to be the happiest, one can be oppressed. Even though, one might seem to be happy deep inside they miss the pleasure of freedom and living life to the fullest. Just like, in this story Mrs. Mallard feels trapped and when she hears about her husband’s death she first feels distraught, but ultimatelyRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1457 Words   |  6 PagesEmotions and Death Everyone who reads a story will interpret things slightly different than the person who reads it before or after him or her. This idea plays out with most every story, book, song, and movie. These interpretations create conflict and allow people to discuss different ideas and opinions. Without this conflict of thought there is no one devoting time to debate the true meaning of a text. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† tells about a woman who is informed of her husbands deathRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin987 Words   |  4 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† reader’s see a potentially long story put into a few pages filled with rising action, climax and even death. In the beginning of the story, character Louise Mallard, who has a heart condition, is told of the death of her husband by her sister and one of her husband’s friends. Afterwards Mrs. Mallard is filled with emptiness and then joy of freedom. This joy of freedom is actually what consequently leads to her death in the end when she discoversRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1061 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, readers are introduced to characters whose lives change drastically in the course of this writing. Through Kate Chopin’s story we can identify many different themes and examples of symbolism in her writing. Chopin’s choice of themes in this writing are no surprise due to the time frame of which this story was written. Chopin often wrote stories with of women’s rights, and is noted as one of America’s first open feminists. As this story of an ill, helplessRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin972 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin expresses Ms. Mallard’s feelings towards her husband’s death in an appalling train accident. Due to her bad heart, her sister Josep hine had to be the bearer of bad news and approach his death gently to her. According to the quote, â€Å" But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought†, it lets us know thatRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin998 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The story of an hour† by Kate Chopin was a story that was ironical yet profoundly deep. As a student I have been asked to read â€Å"a story of an hour† many times, and every time I’m surprised by how I enjoy it. People can read thousands of stories in their life times and only a handful will every stand out to them, stories that can draw out an emotion or spark a thought are the ones that will standout more. For me and â€Å"a story of an hour† the thought of freedom is what draws me the most as a teenageRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kat e Chopin1542 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Kate Chopin writes about a woman with heart trouble, Mrs. Mallard, who, in finding out about the death of her husband, Mr. Mallard, experiences some initial feelings of sadness which quickly transition into the exhilarating discovery of the idea of a newfound freedom lying in front of her. When it is later revealed that her husband is not actually dead, she realizes she will not get to taste that freedom. The devastation kills her. What Mrs. Mallard goes throughRead MoreThe Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin596 Words   |  2 PagesIn â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† Kate Chopin focuses on the idea of freedom throughout the story. Mrs. Mallard is a lonely wife who suffers from heart trouble. She is told by her sister Josephine and her husband’s friend Richards that her husband has passed away in a train accident. She locks herself in a room expecting to be devastated, but instead feels freedom. Later, she exits her room and her husband walks through the door, causing her to die of a heart attack. Chopin uses this story to demonstrateRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin886 Words   |  4 Pages In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the reader is presented with the theme of prohibited independence. In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Storm†, the scenery in this story builds the perfect atmosphere for an adulterous affair. The importance of these stories is to understand the era they occurred. Kate Chopin wrote stories with exceptional openness about sexual desires. In â€Å"The Storm†, a short story written by Kate Chopin in a time when women were expected to act a certain way and sexual cravings was considered

The Complex Odyssey of Odysseus Essay - 1152 Words

According to both Greek and Homeric values humans should have reason, but very often they express passion, which leads to contradictory emotions and obstacles in life. Odysseus, a man with a complex life, struggles with many internal, personal contradictions that have a collective impact on his decisions throughout his existence. The most important contradictions Odysseus faces are loyalty and betrayal; humility and hubris; and wisdom and folly, Throughout the Odyssey Odysseus faces an internal battle between loyalty and betrayal in the presence of numerous temptations. Odysseus’s first situation was with Kalypso. Although Odysseus does cheat on Penelope with Kalypso, he still remains loyal, and his love for her hardly wanes. Kalypso†¦show more content†¦Odysseus is deceived by Kirke’s beauty and falls for her mysterious ways, but his devotion continues for Penelope. Kirke, deceiving Odysseus with her quick mind, says, â€Å"your cruel wandering is all you think of, / never of joy, after so many blows† (Homer 179). Kirke’s desire for the men and her persistence captured Odysseus’s logic, and he ends up living with her for quite awhile, but thankfully his reason comes back. Odysseus’s odyssey was so complex that even small occurrences like the sirens and the lotus plants make him reconsider his priorities and what is truly important to him and his future. Odysseus has a sense of hubris that leads to adversity and causes him harm, he also has humility; however, the lack of balance between these emotions takes Odysseus through many tough obstacles. When Odysseus tricks Polyphemos, he does it logically, and he uses his mind and reason; however, his hubris comes out when he feels the need to expose his true identity thus leading to his difficulty to return to Ithaka and future problems. Odysseus’s men beg him to stop harassing the beast, but Odysseus has one other plan in mind when he says, â€Å"Kyklops / †¦ Odysseus raider of cities, took your eye: / Laertes’ son, whose home’s on Ithaka!† (Homer 160). This provoking of Polyphemos that Odysseus displays is a cause for the pain Ithaka is going though, as well as personal and direct grieving directed at Odysseus and his immediateShow MoreRelated The Odyssey Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout vast journeys of many heroes, no other hero had a more co mplex journey than Odysseus. This journey is called The Odyssey, written by Homer. It is an epic poem or story told of a hero name Odysseus on a 20-year voyage trying to get back home from the Trojan War. The great epic poem known as The Odyssey and attributed to Homer was probably first written down around the eighth century BC, but the origins of the ancient story in myth, legend, and folklore and art appear to be much older.Read MoreThe Odyssey By Homer, Annotated Bibliography Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pageshe Odyssey, as written by Homer, intricately and excitingly weaves Colin Renfrew’s Subsystem Theories throughout the entire play. Many of the five subsystem theories can be seen and support understanding of the novel. Of the five systems, trade/communication, social/ political hierarchy and symbolic subsystems will be the focus of analysis in this paper. All of these subsystems come together in The Odyssey to explain the characters and their lives, and also how they fi t into the society which theyRead MoreO Brother Where Art Thou Character Analysis1694 Words   |  7 Pages The Coen Brothers’ film, O Brother, Where Art Thou?, is loosely based on Homer’s famous Greek epic, The Odyssey, in that certain features in the film resemble those found in Homer’s epic, but the film still reveals its own sense of originality by making it more relatable to the modern world. While The Odyssey is set in Ancient Greece and O Brother, Where Art Thou? is set in the southern part of the United States during the 1930’s, the works are similar in following a protagonist who encountersRead MoreAnalysis Of Xenia And The Odyssey 889 Words   |  4 PagesHomer: Hospitality in the Illiad and the Odyssey The concept of Xenia was extremely significant in ancient Greek culture. As such, it played a prominent role in the works of authors, most specifically Homer. In fact, some of the most significant information we have about the concept of Xenia, as it relates to cultural norms come from the work of Homer, and the examples of hospitality demonstrated in the protagonist’s journeys in the Iliad and the Odyssey. More specifically, Xenia is presented byRead More Important Role of Women in Homers Odyssey Essay examples1721 Words   |  7 Pages   For the Greeks, Homers Odyssey was much more than just an entertaining tale of gods, monsters, and men, it served as cultural paradigm from which every important role and relationship could be defined.   This book, much more so than its counter part The Iliad, gives an eclectic view of the Acheans peacetime civilization.   Through Odyssey, we gain an understanding of what is proper or improper in relationships between father and son, god and mortal, servant and master, guest and host, and--importantly--manRead MoreOdysseus As The Epic Hero In Homers Odyssey1019 Words   |  5 PagesOdysseus as the Epic Hero in Homer’s The Odyssey A style of work often explored in Greek literature is that of the epic. An expansive poem of a wide scope centered on and regarding the wondrous deeds of the main, heroic figure, on whose actions depend the fate of a nation. The definition of an epic can be used to describe The Odyssey by Homer. In The Odyssey we are introduced to our main character, Odysseus, the former king of Ithaca and a Trojan war hero who has been trapped on an Island by theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Odysseus And The Odyssey951 Words   |  4 Pageslives. Humans can, in some ways, reject the attention of the gods. In The Odyssey, Odysseus deals with all three in order to return home. The cause of Odysseus’ decade long journey home from Troy cannot be narrowed down to one entity; instead, it is caused by a complex combination of the gods’ meddling, the fate’s predictions, and humans’ free will. The Fates, gods, and humans in The Odyssey each have a certain role in Odysseus’ problems. In ancient Greece, the Fates are three immortal women who spunRead MoreThe Odyssey : The Epic For Artistic Inspiration1289 Words   |  6 Pagesculture, there are countless allusions and references to Homer’s literary works, specifically, The Odyssey, due to its impact upon readers, capturing their imaginations and inspiring countless works of art, literature, cinematography and music. Within the music world, there are numerous references to The Odyssey made by song writers and performers. Drawing upon the trials and tribulations of Odysseus and other characters within the plot of the epic for artistic inspiration, who serve as referencesRead MoreDivine intervention dealing with Greek myths, especially The Odyssey and The Iliad.1474 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature that tell a great deal about this fiery goddess. This is not a passive goddess. This is an active, involved goddess who, in both the Iliad and the Odyssey, assumes divine leadership and challenges even Zeus himself. In The Odyssey and other Greek myths, Athena is an essential character and contributes many elements of her complex mythological personality to Greek writing. Athena is one of the most important goddesses in Greek mythology. In Roman mythology she became identified with theRead MoreHomer s Odyssey : The Odyssey1236 Words   |  5 PagesOdysseus is arguably one of the most admirable classical heroes in all world literary masterpieces. However, although he expresses the commendable traits of manliness, conduct, and intelligence, there are also numerous faults in this round character— most notable being his excessive pride. Many of his praiseworthy qualities also prove to work against him at times, and extend his journey in The Odyssey by several years. Homer constructs Odysseus by attributing both godly and human characteristics

Network Server Administration Free Essays

Course number CIS 332, Network Server Administration, lists as its main topics: installing and configuring servers, network protocols, resource and end user management, security, Active Directory, and the variety of server roles which can be implemented. My experience and certification as a Microsoft Certified System Administrator (MCSA) as well as a Microsoft Certified System Engineer (MCSE) demonstrates that I have a thorough grounding in both the theory and practice of the topics covered in this course and should receive credit for it. Installing and configuring servers was the subject of Installing, Configuring and Administering Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, which I took in 2001 in preparation for my initial Microsoft Certified Professional certification. We will write a custom essay sample on Network Server Administration or any similar topic only for you Order Now This exam covered such topics as installing Microsoft Windows 2000 Server using both an attended installation and an unattended installation; server upgrades from Windows NT (the previous version) and troubleshooting and repairing failed installations. This exam also covered installing and configuring hardware devices and user management. Network protocols were discussed during the training for the exam Implementing and Administering a Microsoft Windows 2000 Network Infrastructure, which I also took in 2001. This exam covered installing, configuring, troubleshooting and administering such protocols as DNS and DHCP, TCP/IP, NWLink, and IPSec. The training covered such aspects of network protocols as remote access policies and network routing. Security was one of the topics of this exam, as well. Network security using IPSec and encryption and authentication protocols was discussed along with the network implementation details. Resource and end user management was one of the main topics of the Managing and Maintaining a Windows Server 2003 Environment exam, which also updated my knowledge of security, networking and utilities. The exam covered such topics as user creation and modification, user and group management, Terminal Services management and implementing security and software update services. Security was covered in a number of exams, including Implementing and Administering a Microsoft Windows 2000 Network Infrastructure, Installing, Configuring and Administering Microsoft Windows 2000 Server and Designing Security for   a Windows 2000 Network. All aspects of network security were covered in the various training sessions for these exams, including topics such as analysis of network security requirements in relation to organizational realities and requirements, design and implementation of such specifics as authentication policies, public-key infrastructures and encryption techniques, physical security, and design and implementation of security audit and assurance strategies. Also included were security considerations for all auxiliary services, such as DNS, Terminal Services, SNMP, Remote Installation Services and others. Implementation of Active Directory and knowledge of varied server roles was provided by the exam Designing a Microsoft Windows 2000 Directory Services Infrastructure. The training for this exam encompassed the design and implementation of an Active Directory forest and domain structure as well as planning a DNS strategy for client and server naming. This training also included design and implementation of a number of different server types, such as file and print servers, databases, proxy servers, Web servers, desktop management servers, applications servers and dial-in management servers. Further knowledge of Active Directory and auxiliary services was provided in the training for Implementing and Administering a Microsoft Windows 2000 Directory Services Infrastructure. This training included such topics as installing, configuring and troubleshooting Active Directory and DNS, implementing Change and Configuration Management, and managing all the components of Active Directory, including moving, publishing and locating Active Directory Objects, controlling access, delegating administrative privileges for objects, performing backup and restore and maintaining security for the Active Directory server via Group Policy and the Security Configuration and Analysis tool. The topics covered in CIS 332, Network Server Administration, have been completely encompassed by my previous experience, training and certification with Microsoft Windows Server 2000, as well as updated knowledge gained by   training for Microsoft Windows Server 2003. I have been constantly increasing my skills and knowledge in this area for the past six years, using both training and work experience to gain certifications which prove that I have a complete grasp of all aspects of the subject matter included in this course. Installing and configuring servers and network protocols, troubleshooting failed installations or configurations, resource and end user management, security design and management, design and implementation of Active Directory services and implementing and administering a wide variety of network server roles are all major aspects of my training and certification experience. I feel I am fully qualified for the information covered in CIS 332, and should be granted credit for this course. How to cite Network Server Administration, Essay examples

The Influence of Modernist Art Essay Example For Students

The Influence of Modernist Art Essay Contemporary art is the art of today. It is a concept about art of the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century. Much of the contemporary art made today incorporates cultural impact as well as a continual process of re-production. The practice of modern art without a doubt has greatly influenced on contemporary beliefs. A great example could be seen in Ai Weiweis works. Throughout his journey, Ai Weiwei has adopted his style of work based on Marcel Duchamps practise and has idolised Duchamp and put him as a role model when making his works. Duchamp started with his early works with Cubism and his involvement with Dada and Surrealism and later movements such as Pop Art. The art and ideas of Marcel Duchamp have radically revised our understanding of what forms an object of art. Duchamps conceptions of the readymade can be related to everyday life such as general manufactured objects that he chose and modified by repositioning, titling, reproducing and signing it and became art. 1 Duchamp believes that the idea must showed first, not the visual, of how one defines art. We will write a custom essay on The Influence of Modernist Art specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Duchamp was not pleased in what he called retinal art â€Å" arts that only please the eye. 2 His artwork is humorous, playful and exciting, but at the same time is powerful on stating his political and economic statement. One of his famous satirical works, a porcelain urinal, the readymade Fountain (1917) challenged the general taste and the artistic technique of art. Duchamp simply purchased a standard Bedfordshire style urinal from J. L Mott Iron Works in New York, repositioned it on 90 degrees angle from its normal view of use and designated as his own by signing R. Mutt 1917 on the object. He chose a general article of life then remodified its significant use and placed it under a new title to create a brand new thought for that object. Duchamp described that his intent with Fountain was to shift the focus of art from physical object to intellectual performance. Decades later, a Chinese contemporary artist, Ai Weiwei made an artwork in correspondence to Duchamps Fountain, Pee; a sculpture of a mans genital with the flowing urine. He stated that the relationship between his piece Pee and Duchamps Fountain is that, they are both shared similar characteristics which relates to body liquid. Both works represent that art is conceptual. The idea of an artwork outweighs the traditional culture of aesthetic and material concerns and challenges the viewers to access their own ideologies to question and respond to the visual art. In 1981, Ai Weiwei moved to New York and lived there until 1993. He gained exposure to the works of Duchamp and producing conceptual art by revising readymade goods. In Profile of Marcel Duchamp, Sunflower Seeds, 1983, Ai incorporated the readymade everyday object with the self-portrait of Duchamp in profile. A coat hanger was twisted to reveal the facial figure and mounted on wooden base filled with sunflower seeds. The image of the profile was taken from a self-silhouette outline from a book Sur Marcel Duchamp, A self-portrait in Profile, 1958. 3 Furthermore, the used of coat hanger was influenced by Duchamps coat rack artwork called Trebuchet (Trap) in 1917. Trebuchet is perhaps one of the most interesting readymade sculptures by Duchamp due to the fact that he deliberately displaced a coat rack from its original function then nailed them to the ground. Both Trap and Profile of Marcel Duchamp, Sunflower Seeds showed identical techniques that they both were repositioned and mounted to the floor surface. Most of Marcels readymade goods were single object that he readjusted and signed. However, in his earliest work, Bicycle wheel, 1913 ? a metal wheel mounted on painted wood stool, is consisted of more than one individual objects, thus he called this assisted readymade. .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 , .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 .postImageUrl , .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 , .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2:hover , .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2:visited , .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2:active { border:0!important; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2:active , .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2 .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf59e20bad7592dfe29b5a86d72e2e3a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art History Exam III EssayInterestingly, in 2011, Ai Weiwei spectacular Forever Bicycles, ? an installation built glimmering cavern from 1,200 bicycles debuted for Taipei Fine Art Museum, illustrated the same iconography from Duchamps Bicycle Wheel. When Bicycle Wheel was first exhibited in his Paris studio, Duchamp encouraged audiences to spin the wheel. Duchamp claims that the aim of this piece was to provide a form of therapeutic movement from the spinning wheel. The image would portray the flames dancing in fireplace and aesthetically comforting to watch. On the other hand, in his work Ai refashioned Duchamps readymade in more contemporary way. He began to use reproduction readymade objects to add a new richness to the vision and layered them constructively to create the illusion of moving form. Weiwei manipulates the bicycles by detaching its main function and making them static, thus they became immobile. Forever Bicycle brings political awareness that is happening in China where society violates human rights and restricts individual freedoms. It is certain that Duchamp has a lot of influences in Weiweis artworks. From the readymade characteristics in his work and also techniques of making the work, the impact of Ais works represents what he have taken from Duchamp. Through Ai Weiwei and Marcel Duchamp, it is clearly seen that many contemporary work has influenced by modern artist. Additionally, the contemporary artwork brings back memory and journey from the past and reinterprets the situation which matched with the current ideas. Consequently, modern art is inevitably has played an active role in contemporary practise.

ESL Lesson Plain for a Class Job Fair

ESL Lesson Plain for a Class Job Fair Putting on a class job fair is a fun way of exploring English skills related to employment. The following lesson plan extends much further than just a lesson. This series of exercises can be used over approximately three to five hours of classroom time and takes students from a general exploration of jobs students might be interested in, through vocabulary related to specific positions, into discussions of ideal employees and, finally, through the job application process. The class can be fun or focus on working on professional skills development. Students will learn a wide range of vocabulary related to work skills, as well as practice conversational skills, tense usage, and pronunciation. This series of exercises include using an informational employment website. I recommend using the Occupational Outlook Handbook, but for more general classes its a good idea to visit a listing of unique jobs that students might find more interesting. Jobsmonkey has a unique jobs page which lists a number of fun jobs. Aim: Develop, extend and practice work-skills related vocabulary Activity: In-class Job Fair Level: Intermediate through advanced Outline Write a number of professions on the board or brainstorm as a class. Its a good idea to have a mix of professions in order to generate a wider range of vocabulary (fire fighter, manager, engineer, programmer).Have a quick discussion of each type of profession. What skills does each profession require? What would they have to do? What type of person should they be? Etc.Put students in pairs or small groups and pass out the adjectives matching sheet. Ask students to match each adjective to a definition. Help students by making descriptions of professionals who are diligent, precise, etc.Correct as a class. Ask students to discuss which professions would require which characteristics using the vocabulary they have learned.Discuss as a class, or have students each stand-up and give an answer for the profession of their choice.Ask students what type of job they (would like to) have. Using one students job as an example, navigate to the Occupational Outlook Handbook or similar job descript ion site. Search for or choose the students position, and navigate the resources provided. Its a good idea to focus on the What do they do? section, as students will learn vocabulary related to the profession. Make sure the students get the url for any job site you recommend. Provide the worksheet on finding an ideal job. Students should name the job, write a brief overview of the job, as well as do research on the principal responsibilities of the job they have chosen.With their research in hand, have students pair up and interview each other about the jobs they have chosen.Ask students to find a partner to write up job fair advertisement. Together students will decide which job theyd like to create an announcement for.Using their informational sheets, ask students to create a job advertisement to announce a job opening based on the materials below. Provide large sheets of paper, colored markers, scissors and any other necessary equipment. If possible, students can print out or cut out pictures to accompany their poster.Students post their job advertisements up for other students to browse. Each student should choose at least two jobs theyd like to interview for.As a class, brainstorm typical questions they might be asked in an interview. Discuss possibl e answers with students. Get students back into the job poster pairs. Have each pair write up at least five interview questions about their position using their original information sheets including work duties.Have your job fair! It will be chaotic, but everyone will get a chance to practice using vocabulary they have learned throughout this activity. The job fair can be free form, or you can have students trade off roles at intervals.To expand the job interviewing of the aspect use this job interviewing practice lesson. Match each adjective to its definition bravedependablediligenthard workingintelligentoutgoingpersonableprecisepunctual someone who is always on timesomeone who can work steadily and with accuracysomeone who gets along well with otherssomeone who people like to likesomeone who people can trustsomeone who is smartsomeone who works hardsomeone who doesnt make mistakes Can you think of more? Answers punctual - someone who is always on timediligent - someone who can work steadily and with accuracyoutgoing - someone who gets along well with otherspersonable - someone who people like to likedependable - someone who people can trustintelligent - someone who is smarthard working - someone who works hardbrave - someone who isnt afraidprecise - someone who doesnt make mistakes Job Worksheet Questions Which job did you choose? Why did you choose it? What type of person should do this job? What do they do? Please describe with at least five sentences describing the positions responsibilities.

The Gender of Countries in the German Language

The Gender of Countries in the German Language Most countries are spelled differently in German than English and they may be masculine, feminine, or neuter. Its easiest to simply memorize which gender is associated with which country in the German language as you learn the spellings of the countries themselves. Gender of Countries Generally speaking, countries in German are not preceded by definite articles. There are however exceptions. The following are some countries that do take on definite articles when talking or writing about them. DIE : die Schweiz, die Pfalz, die TÃ ¼rkei, die Europische UnionDIE Plural: die Vereinigten Staaten (the United States), die USA, die NiederlandeDER: der Irak, der Libanon, der Sudan (note that Middle Eastern countries tend to be masculine).DAS: das Tessin, das Elsass, das Baltikum Born in versus From When stating that someone is from a certain city, often the suffix –er/ erin will be added: Berlin - ein Berliner, eine BerlinerinKÃ ¶ln (Cologne)- ein KÃ ¶lner, eine KÃ ¶lnerinTo state that someone is from a certain country, see Countries and Cities in GermanTo some cities that already end in –er, you can add –aner/ anerin: ein Hannoveraner, eine HannoveranerinHowever, that is quite a mouthful, therefore it is more commonly expressed as such: Sie/ Er kommt aus Hannover. (She/He is from Hanover.)

Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Markets - Essay Example And the effective predator will come prepared. Don't be shy about peering into hidden corners. You might see my friends there and my friends have the power. We have purchasing power and our conversations will be heard. After all, the whole idea of marketing is to sell a product. Bottom line. Sell a product. You can have your ideals now, or a hundred years ago, or since, sales figures will still be the bottom line. It's nice that you can iconolize a product, but its not that simple. Even with the Internet, hyper cybernation, and the click track repeating the mantra of "Isn't That Special", there are still the main components of product quality, delivery date, and price. These are the qualities that the product will live or die by, not some word of mouth or over blogged innuendo. The million-dollar web site doesn't work anymore, it never did. With the technology available, web sites are an afterthought. The idea is in the communication, and the idea needs to remain crystal clear. The idea needs a clear channel of communication. The idea is to deliver a product that works when you say it will work, and someone that can afford to pay for it. Your Ipod needs to work as advertised and you need a guarantee that the cell phone you just bought will work in the area where you live. Then, and only then, will the talk become as cheap as the time spent talking. The vehicle to transmit that talk Priceless. Even at its worst, our newfound c... Well, DUH! The ability to communicate instantly and intimately is one of the most interesting aspects of any relationship. But, it does not preclude a trade show. It does not make humor obsolete. By the way, I happen to like the glitz and glare of a three-dimensional romp with like-minded competitors. And there are some pretty amusing sitcoms. I wish I could trust the world of high definition flat screen electronics, but it just doesn't have enough texture. Global business won't be accepted through a Pepsi commercial at the Super Bowl and it won't be accessed through the million dollar corporate web site I gaze at 9 hours a day. If the corporate website is a dinosaur, then TV sitcoms can't be far behind. and trade shows are as irrelevant as last week's laundry. The ability to spoonfeed the public with a one size fits all mentality has certainly gone the way of the bow and arrow. Just because your conversation is interesting and more entertaining than 'I Love Lucy', it still does not require me to spend a lot of time with it. We need to measure the quality of our time and factor that into our equation for brand recognition. Our newfound conversations would be unequaled in length. And anyway, this is about getting in touch. It's nice and it's interesting, but this short conversation with you just doesn't make the payment on my BMW. As markets, as workers, both of us are sick to death of getting our information by remote control. Why do we need faceless annual reports and third-hand market research studies to introduce us to each other These are the statements of a desperate, whining man running into the open, welcome arms of defeat. Technology has a way of doing that. A way of beating you

Marketing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing research - Essay Example The primary advantage of using internet as a means to reach target audience is that it is widely accessible; it is very quick in registering responses; it can catch response from a large number of audiences and last but not the least it has reduced the cost of carrying out research (Sekaran, 2006). These primary benefits of using internet as a tool for carrying out research are augmented by facts like: internet has inculcated in small and medium enterprises the habit of conducting or reverting to research when encountering an operational issue; internet has allowed students at various levels to extract information from previous researches and use that information in their own assignments; internet has also allowed researchers to seek responses from individuals who were reluctant to participate in focused group survey. Like these benefits there are other benefits as well of using internet as a means to conduct a research and gather responses. Internet technology has made it possible f or researchers to reach geographically dispersed respondents. It has supporting technologies like video conferencing and instant chant rooms which allows researchers of a field to gather at a place simultaneously, without incurring any cost. This type of research is carried out by means of group ware technology and this method is known as Delphi method. Internet has freed sponsored respondents from the tedious process of registering their responses to the posted mail, containing the questionnaire. Now they simply can go online to fill out the questionnaire in a hassle free manner. However, as mentioned earlier there are some negative aspects of internet, encountered when conducting quantitative or qualitative researches. The most troubling negative aspect of internet research is that it is totally callous when it comes to respecting respondents’ private time, when they do not feel like answering to research question. This is not the only facet of this issue; sometimes online research agencies send questionnaires to respondents without their consent to participate in this research, which leads to respondent’s annoyance. If this scenario is removed from the picture, even then there are a number of problems which can come up, for instance the online questionnaire might not open on the browser used by the respondents. This further leads to respondent’s agitation. Other problems with this form of surveys is that there are chances that the expected respondents of this survey do not fill these questionnaires, while respondents who are not fit to form the sample population of the survey might go on to fill in these form leading to corrupt data being collected and presented during the research findings. The research findings based on this malign data will not be authentic and if published will lead to a spread of knowledge that is wrong. And if by chance this finding gets implemented that it may result in heavy losses for the party implementing it (Nancarrow, Pallister and Brace, 2001). Other issues of conducting research over the internet are that sometimes customers might feel agitated by a questionnaire in their inbox, they might think of it as an invasion to their privacy or as something having a malign content in it that might threaten the integrity of their personal computer. Also there are strict guidelines set by major research agencies and associations as to what questions can be asked from a particular

Bimatoprost Monotherapy in CACG Patients with Extensive PAS

Bimatoprost Monotherapy in CACG Patients with Extensive PAS Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Efficacy of Bimatoprost in Chronic Angle-Closure Glaucoma Patients with Extensive Peripheral Anterior Synechiae: A Preliminary Study Introduction Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, affecting an estimated 64.3 million people aged 40–80 years, and this figure is expected to increase to 70 million in 2020.1 Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is the more common form of glaucoma, but because angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) is more prevalent in Asia, the continent that accounts for 60% of the world population, ACG causes a disproportionate burden of morbidity.1,2 ACG is also more critical due to its greater likelihood to cause blindness than OAG.3 ACG is defined by a partially occludable angle and elevated intra-ocular pressure (IOP) of more than 21 mmHg, with no or mild symptoms until very late in the disease and vision loss becomes evident. Detection by gonioscopy reveals very narrow angle with appositional contact between the iris and trabecular meshwork.4,5 This area of contact increases gradually and asymptomatically, with peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS) forming and spreading circumferentially, usually involving at least 180 degree-angle, which then increases IOP.3,6,7 The exact mechanism of PAS formation is not clearly understood, but it is known that the formation of PAS starts as the peripheral part of the iris adheres to the Schwalbe’s line and extends towards the angle recess. PAS is considered to be present when the adhesion of the iris reaches the mid-trabecular meshwork and its extent exceeds one clock hour on indentation gonioscopy. (Yoo et al. 2007) The level of IOP is directly related to the extent of the angle closure.4,7 The goal of treatment therefore is directed towards reopening of the angle and preventing and/or stopping nerve damage, and reduction of IOP.3 High IOP is a clinically important risk factor associated with progressive optic-disc changes and visual field loss.10 Aside from obstruction of the trabecular meshwork, Bodh et al. reported that the elevation of IOP may be caused by prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2-mediated increase in secretion or the breakdown of blood aqueous barrier and corticosteroid-induced elevation. (Bodh SA, Kumar V, Raina UK, Ghosh B, Thakar M. Inflammatory glaucoma. Oman Journal of Ophthalmology. 2011;4(1):3-9. doi:10.4103/0974-620X.77655.) The Early Manifest Glaucoma Progression Trial, which evaluated the impact of reducing IOP in patients with OAG with normal or elevated IOP, showed the benefit of treatment (using laser trabeculoplasty plus topical betaxolol hydrochloride) on delaying the glaucoma progression in terms of visual field loss and optic disc changes by an average of 18 months longer than patients who did not receive treatment. An average reduction of IOP by about 5.1 mmHg resulted in less frequent progression and occurred significantly later in treated patients. (Heijl A, et al. 2002) Laser iridotomy is the standard initial approach to ACG.9,10 Treatment of acute ACG (AACG) can be satisfactorily treated with laser iridotomy alone, which is associated with good prognosis.8 However, chronic cases, after iridotomy with significant amount of PAS and suboptimal IOP control, require the use ÃŽ ²-adrenoreceptor antagonists (ÃŽ ²-blockers), topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, or selective ÃŽ ±2-adrenoreceptor agonists.10 A review of randomised controlled trials showed evidence that prostaglandin analogs and ÃŽ ²-blockers are recommended as monotherapy for the treatment of CACG when iridotomy has failed.9 Prostaglandin analogs have proven efficiency in lowering IOP in OAG with less side effects than ÃŽ ²-blockers.11 In addition, several trials have shown prostanoids to be more effective in reducing IOP than ÃŽ ²-blockers, topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, or selective ÃŽ ±2-adrenoreceptor agonists also patients with OAG.12However, recent studies have demonstrated that prostaglandin analogs such as latanoprost, bimatoprost and travopost to be effective in lowering IOP in chronic ACG (CACG), even in the presence of 360-degree PAS.10A meta-analysis on the efficacy of anti-glaucoma drugs in patients with open-angle glaucoma, tension glaucoma or ocular hypertension showed bimatoprost to provide the greatest reduction in IOP.13 Bimatoprost monotherapy has been demonstrated to decrease IOP in CACG patients with at least 9 clock hours of PAS on gonioscopy. However, the IOP-lowering efficacy of bimatoprost in eyes with extensive PAS is not fully understood. It has been suggested that that bimatoprost increases the aqueous outflow through the uveoscleral or the trabecular pathways being blocked by PAS in CACG.14 This prospective, interventional case series was conducted to determine the efficacy of bimatoprost monotherapy in CACG patients with extensive PAS. References: 1. Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley H a., Aung T, Cheng CY. Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(11):2081-2090. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013. 2. Quigley H a, Broman a T. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90:262-267. doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.081224. 3. Rafael CastanÃÅ'Æ’eda-DiÃÅ' ez, Mariana MayorquiÃÅ' n-Ruiz CE-L and OA-D. Current Diagnosis and Management of Angle-closure glaucoma. In: Dr. Pinakin Gunvant, ed. Glaucoma Current Clinical and Research Aspects. InTech; 2011. doi:10.5772/18123. 4. Yuji Kondo TY. Epidemiology of angle closure glaucoma. In: Chul Hong, Yamamoto T, eds. Angle Closure Glaucoma. Kugler Publications; 2007:278. https://books.google.com/books?id=PV6ehhSdis0Cpgis=1. Accessed February 22, 2015. 5. Harmohina Bagga G Chandra Sekhar. Chapter 9. Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma. In: Saxena S, ed. Clinical Ophthalmology: Medical and Surgical Approach. Jaypee Brothers Publishers; 2011:877. https://books.google.com/books?id=5jynsUAXg-ECpgis=1. Accessed February 22, 2015. 6. Mittal S. Classification of glaucomas. In: Garg A, ed. Mastering the Tech. of Glaucoma Diag. Management. Jaypee Brothers Publishers; 2006:556. https://books.google.com/books?id=CA6kwpx9A9YCpgis=1. 7. Lee JY, Kim YY, Jung HR. Distribution and characteristics of peripheral anterior synechiae in primary angle-closure glaucoma. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2006;20(2):104-108. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2908823tool=pmcentrezrendertype=abstract. Accessed February 22, 2015. 8. Salmon J. Chapter 13: Gonioscopy. Section 3: Diagnosis of Glaucoma. In: Sharaway T, ed. Glaucoma: Medical Diagnosis and Therapy. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009:668. https://books.google.com/books?id=-1wtvjCY6dcCpgis=1. 9. Saw SM, Gazzard G, Friedman DS. Interventions for angle-closure glaucoma CRD summary Authors ’ objectives. Database Abstr Rev Eff Qual Rev. 2003:2-5. 10. See JLS, Aquino MCD, Aduan J, Chew PTK. Management of angle closure glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2011;59 Suppl:S82-S87. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.73690. 11. Yu A W-LU. [Mechanisms , clinical profile and role of prostaglandin and prostamide analogues in antiglaucomatous therapy ] Article in German. Kin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2013;230(2):127-132. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1327946. 12. Ishida N, Odani-Kawabata N, Shimazaki A, Hara H. Prostanoids in the therapy of glaucoma. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 2006;24(1):1-10. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3466.2006.00001.x. 13. Valk R Van Der, Webers CA, Schouten JS, Zeegers MP, Hendrikse F, Prins MH. Intraocular pressure-lowering effects of all commonly used glaucoma drugs: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Database Abstr Rev Eff Qual Rev. 2005. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.01.042. 14. Gupta V, Srinivasan G, Sharma A, Kapoor KS, Sihota R. Comparative evaluation of bimatoprost monotherapy in primary chronic angle closure and primary open angle glaucoma eyes: a three-year study. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther Off J Assoc Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2007;23(4):351-358. doi:10.1089/jop.2006.0107.

Environmental Laws of Bangladesh

The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/0959-6119. htm IJCHM 18,4 Hotels’ environmental management systems (ISO 14001): creative ? nancing strategy Wilco W. Chan and Kenny Ho School of Hotel and Tourism Management, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Abstract Purpose – Environmental concerns have been increasing in the travel industry. However, most hotels are unwilling to develop an international environmental management system (EMS) probably due to a lack of resources and knowledge.In order to encourage more organizations to take part in the EMS, three cases adopting international EMS are investigated to ascertain the ways to support the formation of EMS. Based on their experience, hoteliers are encouraged to team up with green members to apply for research funding for the investigation and implementation of EMS. Also, â€Å"energy performance contracting† methods to ? nance environmenta l improvement projects in hotels were also discussed.Design/methodology/approach – A single case study approach was adopted to illustrate the differences in the resources mobilization for setting EMS in these three hotels. A search of documentary evidence and interviews with hotel staff was the main instrument for data collection. Findings – The Shangri-la Hotel used its own resources to set up its EMS and strategically used its developed template for other hotels in the group to follow. The other two hotels, Nikko and Grandstanford, adopted a creative and â€Å"non-balance sheet† approach to mobilize resources for the formation of EMS.Both hotels have recourse to external resources including a university’s engineering department, hotel management school, green bodies, government funds and trade associations to develop and implement the EMS. The study further identi? ed energy performance contracting as another promising ? nancing tool for the implementat ion of the energy-related part of the EMS. Research limitations/implications – The representative and general nature of the ? ndings are limited to large hotels in metropolitan areas, as the three case hotels are located in the metropolis of Hong Kong.Practical implications – The ? ndings provide informative details on how to secure external resources to set up internationally recognized environmental management systems and the safe way for hotel operators to trial use energy-saving facilities. Originality/value – This study provides indications and details on some creative ? nancing techniques for setting up EMS in hotels. These ? nancial strategies are the ? rst of their kind in print and can serve as a useful reference for hotels to develop international EMS. Keywords Environmental management, Hotels, Financing Paper type Case study 302International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management Vol. 18 No. 4, 2006 pp. 302-316 q Emerald Group Publishing Limit ed 0959-6119 DOI 10. 1108/09596110610665311 Introduction Many efforts on environmental protection work in hotels in the 1990s were a continuation of some long-standing environmental concerns such as energy Support for the author from Mr Tamiyasu Okawa and Mr Jean-Marie Leclercq, the present general manager and ex-general manager of The Hotel Nikko Hongkong is gratefully acknowledged. The author would also like to thank The Hong Kong Hotel Association for the help in providing valuable information. onservation, sewage discharge, air and noise pollution that occurred over the past few decades (Stipanuk, 1996). Coupled with this development have been the growing concerns for a â€Å"green† hotel in the eyes of customers. A study indicated that 75 percent of interviewed customers claimed that they were environmentally-minded consumers and would choose hotels which showed concern for the environment (Feiertag, 1994). Also, Cook et al. (1992) pointed out that business in the travel industry was required to adapt to new environmental realities and to implement environmental policies and strategies.In 1995, a comprehensive environmental action checklist and action development guide for small and medium-sized hotels was jointly published by international hotel and environmental associations (International Hotel and Restaurant Association, 1995). This publication provided hotels with more detailed information to launch environmental management systems (EMS). Under these circumstances, EMS, as across the world, has recently become more recognized in the hotel industry. Almost all hotels have implemented their in-house EMS with varying degrees of intensity.Kirk’s survey found that the most signi? cant bene? t of environmental management was the improvement in public image and better relationships with the local community (Kirk, 1995). However, many hoteliers with written environmental policies saw the greatest bene? t in ? nancial management performance. Thu s, to implement the EMS, the ? rst step is to have a clear environmental policy, objectives, targets and good planning. To further enhance effectiveness, hoteliers should always monitor and review the system after the implementation.However, due to resource limitations, many hotels’ environmental efforts pause after they have taken some environmental actions such as implementation of water saving campaign, installation of energy-ef? cient lighting, reuse of waste paper and other initiatives. Recent ISO 14000 series provides an effective guideline on the content of EMS, auditing, environmental performance evaluation and so on, as shown in the appendix. Among them, ISO 14001 documents all essential elements in the EMS as shown in Table I. Most importantly, a successful EMS requires a lot of resources, including manpower, cost and time for planning (Sayre, 1996).The costs arising from the implementation of ISO 14001 include those associated with initial set-up, maintenance and i mprovement (Chin et al. , 1998). The cost of initial set-up refers to all costs associated with the provision of hardware and software facilities, plus tools for establishing the system in compliance with the ISO 14000 EMS standards. Speci? cally this category of cost involves the purchase of monitoring and measuring equipment, documentation processing and storage equipment/accessories, hiring specialist environmental assistance, initial staff training, computer software as well as staff recruitment.Added to the cost pool is the ? nancing of maintenance and improvements. This category of expenditure refers to the costs of maintaining and continually improving the EMS in the company so that optimum environmental performance can be achieved with the changing environmental conditions and requirements. It also includes the costs associated with ongoing staff training, environment equipment replacement and upgrading, periodic environmental auditing and third-party certi? cation and so fo rth. Environmental management systems 303 IJCHM 18,4 1. 2. 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 3. 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 4. 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 5. Environmental policy Planning Environmental aspects Legal and other requirements Objectives and targets Environmental management program(s) Implementation and operation Structure and responsibility Training, awareness and competence Communication Environmental management system documentation Document control Operational control Emergency preparedness and response Checking and corrective action Monitoring and measurement Non-conformance and corrective and preventive action Records Environmental management system audit Management review 04 Table I. ISO 14001 environmental management system elementsSource: Fredericks and McCallum (1998) In addition, EMS certi? cation costs at least HK$100,000 (about US$13,000) should also be budgeted (Anon, 1996). The cost is paid to the certifying body, which would examine whether the hotel has ful? lled all the necessary conditions of international EMS standard ISO 14001. However, most organizations lack the knowledge, experience and expertise required to develop an EMS and many are unable or unwilling to commit the required staff and ? ancial resources to undertake this development (Chapman, 1997). Earlier studies also found that lodging customers in the US are not willing to pay extra to support environmental policies (Watkins, 1994; Jaffe, 1993). However, some hotels launched pilot schemes to encourage guests to contribute to local environmental schemes (Green, 1995). Though new international EMS standard ISO 14001 certi? cates in Hong Kong have recently been obtained by several hotels, the progress on industry-wide adoption is still slow. The phenomenon is not just con? ned to Hong Kong.Pryce (2001) highlighted, according to a Pricewaterhouse Coopers’ report, that only 40 percent of large hotel groups surveyed in Europe had a formal EMS and only one was externally veri? ed. Pryc e (2001) further quoted the results of a survey of small and medium-sized hotels in three UK countries and pointed out that none of these hotels had implemented a formal EMS. Thus, it is valuable to understand how environmental pioneers in the hotel sector, Shangri-la, Nikko and Grandstanford set up their EMS under resource constraints. Especially after the Asian ? ancial crisis, 9/11 event and SARS, the resources available to the hotel sector appear to be less than before. Therefore, the principal objective of the study is to identify and analyze the ways that these hotels mobilize resources to establish EMS up to ISO 14001, especially any creative and non-conventional ? nancing (that is neither debt or equity issues, nor borrowing or requesting funds from the hotel owners). Methodology The approach adopted in the study is close to action research, using case studies that aim to explore the rich background of the cases.As the purpose of this study is to explore the variations in en vironmental management systems and its associated ? nancing measures, the study adopted a non-traditional case selection criterion. Decisions are based on which case studies provide the most fruitful data for the research question (Doyle, 2003) or provide the most â€Å"opportunity to learn† (Stake, 2000). In addition, the investigating topic is new and falls into the â€Å"timing in the early stages of the ? eld†, studies of individual cases are particularly suitable (Eisenstadt, 1991).These single cases have been used to offer vivid, powerful and penetrative descriptions of events, relationships, and ways of working that are not captured by existing theories (Cunningham, 1997; Crane, 1998; Dyer and Wilkins, 1991). To analyze these cases strategically, a descriptive framework consisting of search of documentary evidence and interviews with hotel staff of the hotels studied was developed to organize case studies. The documentation encompasses hotel EMS manual, universi ty’s published reports, fund application documents, periodicals, and hotel reports.The total number of interviewees is 14 including one owner representative, two general managers, one resident manager, three chief engineers, four green managers or quality assurance managers and three departmental head’s assistants. Shangri-la case The island Shangri-la hotel is a ? ve-star hotel located at the top of a large shopping complex near Central Hong Kong, and with 565 rooms and seven catering outlets. In September 1996, it started the process of developing an EMS and soon became the ? rst hotel in Asia to obtain ISO 14001 certi? ation. Its prompt development of EMS up to international standards is based on its existing â€Å"best practice† in each department. The EMS brings signi? cant bene? ts – reputation and competitive edge – to the hotel and these bene? ts have always outweighed the cost (Tsai et al. , 2003). In general, the funding sources of most l arge business are mainly derived from equity and debt issues. For Shangri-la’s environment management system, it most likely came from internal resources of the group (Tan, 2004).A further investigation of the group’s annual reports indicate that, apart from funds originating from regular income, the group issued convertible bonds with the total principal amount of US$258 million with interest at the rate of 2. 875 percent per annum. This implies that ? nancing for environmental works should not just be limited to equity ? nancing, reserve and income fund. Funds available from debt ? nancing can also be considered as an alternative. The successful ISO 14001 certi? cation in Hong Kong’s Island Shangri-la hotel provides a model for the groups’ other hotels to set up environmental management systems and its certi? ation. An environmental management manual was also developed to address the immediate and long-term environmental impact of hotel Environmental ma nagement systems 305 IJCHM 18,4 306 operations. In addition, an environmental consultant was hired to inspect hotels to ensure not merely that the EMS is being maintained but that continual environmental improvement is achieved by setting new environmental goals (Shangri-la Hotels Group, 2005). Therefore, Shangri-la’s certi? cation in Hong Kong can be regard as a pilot practice and reusable resource for further development of EMS in the group’s other hotels that do not have a proper EMS.Nikko’s case Hotel Nikko Hongkong (Nikko) is a member of Nikko Hotels International, with headquarter in Tokyo, Japan. The hotel continues the tradition of Japanese hospitality, which is renowned throughout the world. Opened in April 1988, Hotel Nikko Hongkong is a ? ve-star deluxe hotel in Hong Kong, with 462 rooms. The hotel is located at Tsim Sha Tsui East overlooking Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. Environmental protection has always been at the heart of the philosophy of Nikk o. Even as early as 1992, the hotel was pushing for environmental improvements by implementing energy and water conservation practices throughout the hotel.As soon as the green practices on water and energy were on track, the hotel started looking for ways to minimize waste production (Hotel Nikko Hongkong, 1999). Over the past years, the management and staff of Nikko have continued through different stages of improvement on the environment. Nikko is the leader in implementing EMS in the Hong Kong hotel industry. The environmental management system (based on the ISO 14001 standard) of Nikko was set up in April 1999 (Hotel Nikko Hongkong, 1999). However, before Nikko’s completion of EMS implementation, Nikko did face many dif? culties and had spent tremendous efforts on environmental protection.Among these, resources and ? nancial support are the main concerns in launching an EMS campaign. Operating budgets may not allow hoteliers the extravagance of calling in expert consulta nts to set up the environmental system. While operating budgets were tight, Nikko from 1992 sought help from community bodies such as academic institutions and government departments (Department of Building Services Engineering and Hotel Nikko Hongkong, 1996). Partnership with community bodies Over the past years, Nikko developed a cohesive partnership with outside bodies in implementing its EMS.The collaborating partners of Nikko are categorized as four types. These include educational establishments, green bodies, government’s departments as well as the industry council. Collaboration with community bodies is one way to reduce costs of research and enables hotels to acquire funds for ongoing environmental work. Figure 1 shows the relationship between Nikko and its partners, plus the contribution of these partners in supporting Nikko’s environmental endeavors. Nikko has gained support and recognition from partners such as the Hong Kong Hotel Association (HKHA), govern ment’sIndustry Department (ID), Friends of the Earth and other environmentally-friendly enterprises. With the help of those partners, Nikko has successfully solved resource-oriented problems in launching the hotel’s environmental activities and eventually obtained the ISO 14001 certi? cate. Environmental management systems 307 Figure 1. Relationship in partnership of Hotel Nikko Hongkong Educational establishments The major educational partner of Nikko is the Department of Building Services Engineering of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.Table II shows various projects or publications conducted by the educational department in improving many aspects of Nikko’s EMS. As can be seen from Table II, most of the student-assisted research focused on evaluating the performance of environmental improvement that required a signi? cant resource. The ex-GM said that collaboration with universities was a program of mutual bene? ts. On the side of universities, students m ight have on-site working opportunity provided by Nikko whilst professors might use Nikko as a test case. For Nikko, the hotelier might save a huge amount of research costs, as most of the research work is unpaid.Besides, the University’s School of Hotel and Tourism Management and Hong Kong University of Science and Technology’s (HKUST) Institute for Environmental Studies also lend their effort in supporting the hotel’s environmental pursuits. The former assisted in the compilation of the energy and water conservation guide and the IJCHM 18,4 Student research project 1998-2000 308 Publications 1996 and 1998 Table II. Joint projects collaborated by Nikko and the Department of Building Services Engineering of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University 1. Indoor air quality study 2.Review of building labeling scheme – checking compliance with energy ef? ciency codes 3. Parameter setting for boiler and chiller data log – calibration of equipment 4. Air ? ow balance and distribution in hotel food and beverage outlets 5. Indoor air quality survey 6. Opportunities for energy ef? cient lighting retro? t 7. Study of power factor and distribution losses 1. Keeping Hong Kong’s Hotel Industry Competitive into the Twenty-? rst Century – Environmental Management Systems for Hotels. With overall objective helping the Hong Kong hotel industry to be more competitive and pro? able and, at the same time, reduce adverse environmental impacts 2. A Guide to Energy and Water Conservation in Hotels. Aimed to contribute to reduce energy and water consumption in all hotels, contributing to their pro? tability whilst helping to protect the environment for future generations. Based on a number of energy and water conservation projects carried out in hotel buildings in Hong Kong, but particularly the extensive range of projects at Hotel Nikko Hongkong Source: Hotel Nikko Hongkong (1999) latter was involved in bidding for a HK$1 million fund (arou nd US$130,000) for developing an EMS template for hotels.As such, the hotel’s environmental performance and operating ef? ciency would increase. This partnership creates a win-win situation. Environmental-supporting parties Nikko has set up a cohesive partnership with parties endorsing environment conservation. Friends of the Earth Association supports Nikko’s efforts in saving energy and improving environmental performance. The parties provided Nikko with the latest environmental information related to the hotel industry and shared their professional ideas or recommendations with Nikko. In this way, Nikko saved costs in information collection and expert consultancy.Furthermore, the environmental-supporting groups usually give recognition to environmental-friendly businesses, including Nikko, with outstanding performance. The award is not merely a simple recognition of effort in environment conservation, but also adds to their reputation and can become a strong stimulu s to push environmental conscious visitors choosing Nikko. Government departments In 1997, Nikko received the Energy Ef? cient Building Award 1997 from the Planning, Environment and Lands Bureau. In 1998, Nikko further joined with other partners and successfully obtained HK$1 million from the Industry Support Fund of the IndustryDepartment for a project entitled â€Å"Keeping Hong Kong’s hotel industry competitive into the twenty-? rst century – environmental management systems for hotels†. The project aimed to develop an EMS template for the local hotel sector. Apart from awards and funds, cohesive linkage with governments and bureaus also enable Nikko to have up-to-date environment-related legislation data more easily, and express its ideas more directly to government of? cials. Industry councils Hotel Nikko plays an active role in sharing experiences and participating in projects proposed by the local hotel association, the Hong Kong Hotel Association (HKHA). In return, Nikko receives relevant environmental information from other member hotels of the association. The association also assisted Nikko by assigning its Environmental Committee to take up an advisory role in the above-mentioned EMS template development. In addition, the association also helped in translating the Guide to Energy and Water Conservation in Hotels developed by Nikko into Chinese by introducing Zhengzhou Holiday Inn and Zhengzhou Crowne Plaza to aid the translation. Nikko’s endeavor and effort was further recognized by international industry councils.In 1995, the International Hotels and Restaurants Association granted Nikko the award â€Å"Corporate Green Hotelier of the Year 1995†. The award further identi? es Nikko as a successful leader in the global green hotel movement. Inter-continental Grand Stanford Grand Stanford is a waterfront ? ve-star hotel located in Tsim Sha Tsui East. It has 579 rooms and four food and beverage outlets. The hotel was managed by Holiday Inn in the 1980s and by the owner’s management company in the 1990s.The resources available to the development of ISO 14001 EMS in Inter-continental Grand Stanford mainly include Nikko’s experience, the government funded scheme of hotel environmental system, and university’s assistance (Chan, 2005). Thanks to Nikko generous sharing of ISO 14001 certi? cation experience and the data required for setting up an EMS, Grand Stanford’s senior management embarked on the development of EMS under ISO 14001 version in the early 2000s. Besides Nikko’s experience, Grand Stanford also bene? ts substantially from the government funded scheme bout the environmental assessment of the hotel buildings. The scheme includes the development of a number of environmental assessment manuals for different phases of hotels – project, new building and existing building. In addition, Grand Stanford also acted like Nikko in the past by co-operating wi th nearby university to conduct a number of measurements for environmental performance indicators. Apart from these external resources, Grand Stanford also progressively employed internal funds to install energy-saving facilities including heat pumps for the hot water system and solar-control ? m for windows.Implications Based on the investigation of these three cases, the study summarized the similarities and differences in their approaches. As shown in Table III, all these hotels have strong partnerships with green bodies and have been involved in sharing experience with trade association, other hotels and government. Two hotels were also found to have strong collaboration with a university’s engineering department and hotel school. The Environmental management systems 309 IJCHM 18,4 Collaborate with university’s: 1.Engineering department 2. Hotel school Nikko ? ? ? ? ? Shangri-la Grand Stanford ? ? 310 Partnership with environmental supporting parties Written suppor t to apply: 1. Government fund 2. Private fund Free EMS template Sharing experience from: 1. Trade association 2. Other hotels 3. Of? cial department Internal reserve or debt issue ? ? ? ? Table III. Similarities and differences in approaches ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? former provides technical expertise and the latter provide operational knowledge in the environmental projects in hotels.In terms of monetary investment, one hotel placed a large amount on formation of EMS while the other purchased a number of energy saving facilities. In fact, the project funds secured by Nikko represent a small part of the funds available in the community. Further research indicated that there are other sources of funds available for quality environmental projects, as shown in Table IV. However if one wants to successfully secure the funds, a good and meaningful proposal for application of funds is required.This implies an experienced proposal writer and a team of related experts is a pre-requisite. Agai n, this type of caliber is not easily available in hotels. Thus, collaboration with educational institutes in writing up the proposal may enhance the likelihood of success. Energy performance contracting Besides applications for public or private funding for hotel’s environmental work, energy performance contracting can be considered as another alternative to ? nance environmental improvement.Performance contracting is a unique arrangement where contractors usually assume responsibility for purchasing and installing the equipment, as well as maintenance throughout the contract. Only when the installed equipment actually reduces expenses does the contractor get paid. This allows the hotel owners to make necessary improvements while investing very little money up front. Meanwhile, it is also a risk-sharing relationship between the host and the contractor that is sometimes called as the Energy Service Company (ESCO) (Woodruff and Turner, 1998).ESCO is a company that provides bot h the technical expertise to reduce energy costs and the ? nance for energy ef? ciency investments. In the UK, performance contracting is called contract energy management (The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 1991). In fact, the name is relatively new, but some of the companies in the industry have been in business for over 20 years. Name of environmental fund USa Richard King Mellon Foundation John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation The Pew Charitable Trusts The Ford Foundation W. K. Kellogg Foundation The Andrew W.Mellon Foundation Environment Wales The Environmental Action Fund The Environmental Know How Fund The Environmental Protection Research Program Environmental Conservation Fund and Woo Wheelock Green Fund Innovation and Technology Fund: Innovation and Technology Support Program Innovation and Technology Fund: University-Industry Collaboration Program Innovation and Technology Fund: General Support Fund Sustainable Development Fund Competitive E armarked Research Grant (CERG) University Internal Fund Departmental Research Fund in University National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC)Environmental management systems 311 Europeb Hong Kongc Source: a Stein (1993); b Forrester and Casson (1998); c www. itf. gov. hk/Default. asp Table IV. Fund available for quality environmental project According to Hansen and Weisman (1998), performance contracting is now poised on the threshold of even greater opportunities to work with government, utilities, institutions and commercial establishments. In the mid-late 1990s, performance contracting received more attention in the US.For example, the US federal government has used performance contracting to upgrade facilities, even when budgets were being dramatically cut. In essence, they â€Å"sold† some of their future energy savings to an ESCO (Woodruff and Turner, 1998). In the case of Canada, trade associations urged government to fund the set up of ESCO, as there was little prospect for setting up private sector ? rms in the short-term (Association of Energy Engineers, 1998). In Hong Kong, a research report also found that most interviewees considered that performance contracting for energy conservation may be suitable in the future (Chan, 1999).The key elements of applying performance contracting suggested by the interviewees were â€Å"management commitment, government support, technical and human factors†. Conclusions Environmental management systems are well-recognized in the hotel industry across the world. Unfortunately, many hoteliers are unable or unwilling to implement the system due to resources constraints. However, two cases studied reveal that resources for the formation of internationally recognized EMS 14001 can be drawn outside the balance sheet (that is equity and liabilities).In the mid-1990s, two professors’ suggestions that sound environmental management can reduce costs also occurred to IJCHM 18,4 312 Kirk (1995) who subseque ntly advised the hotel business to start with easy-to-achieve and low cost environmental projects. Moderate and high investment projects can be scheduled later when hoteliers had con? dence in and established bene? ts from earlier environmental actions (Iwanowski and Rushmore, 1994; Kirk, 1995). This approach is particularly suitable to hotels with tight resources or when the hotel sector experiences a business downturn.Nevertheless, hoteliers may learn from successful cases, particularly Nikko, and collaborate with various â€Å"green† partners – universities, government, trade associations and green bodies – to work on more complex environmental matters. Speci? cally, hotels can team up with these green members to apply for research funding for the investigation and implementation of EMS. This practice, in turn, accelerates the speed of environmental actions. Apart from EMS with ISO certi? cation, Green Globe 21 also offers a certi? cation to travel-related or ganizations that wished to demonstrate their commitment to environmental improvement.The Green Globe program provides travel and tourism companies with a framework for achieving year on year improvement in environmental performance (Rodgers, 2002). The framework contains ? ve sections, including environmental policy, regulatory framework, environmental performance; EMS as well as requirements for stakeholder consultation and communication. Other-related certi? ed programs may include Australia’s International Ecotourism Standard, Americas’ Sustainable Tourism Certi? cation Network and Europe’s Voluntary Initiatives for Sustainability in Tourism (Hammond, 2004).Similarly, obtaining these certi? cations also requires a signi? cant amount of resources and effort. The ? nancial tools – mainly collaboration between hotel and external parties including universities, governments, trade associations and green bodies – ascertained in these case studies can thus be applied when any organization plans to pursue these programs. Other than green certi? cation granted by ISO and Green Globe, the voluntary environment assessment scheme for hotels (Hong Kong Hotels Association, 2000) also receives a considerable amount of technical resources and research expertise.The scheme sets a scoring scheme in two areas. One is to consider actions by the hotels in endeavoring to reduce environmental impacts through more effective management and maintenance practice. The other is to assess the building facilities performance by referring to indoor environmental performance criteria, local codes of good practice and benchmarked energy and water consumption. As such, hotel’s collaboration with university staff in conducting research and applying for research funds as manifested in the studied cases may provide valuable and enormous assistance to attain a good scoring result.The lesson learnt from these cases reveal that trade association’s p articipation in environmental work cannot be neglected. The association in these cases not merely promoted the green activities by presenting environmental awards and organizing seminars but for instance also coordinated with enthusiastic hotels by arranging transport to ship all discarded bottles for recycling. Most importantly, the association also assisted in writing endorsement letters to apply for funds for creating a template for hotels to develop EMS according to ISO requirements.Thus, the association indeed provides a catalyst function to advance the function of EMS in the industry. Embedded in these supportive activities are enormous time and resources. On the other hand, the government also played an important role in the industry’s green environment, not just by creating environmental funds to assist the business. In fact, the government of? cials have always shared their experience on environmental work with the practitioners. In order to keep updating their envir onmental technology knowledge, the of? ials regularly liaise with manufacturers, professors and their colleagues in the environmental protection department as well as the engineering department. Without their endeavor in environmental improvement, the pace of environmental movement would de? nitely slow down. In the late 1990s, a survey conducted by the United Nations and the International Hotel Association identi? ed a lack of training resource as the major concern when introducing environmental matters in hotel management curricula.The French Ministry of Spatial Planning and Environment together with some hotels have sponsored the production of teaching tools for environmental issues in hospitality curricula (United Nations Environmental Program, 2001). The Hong Kong and French government’s funding in these two cases further indicate the importance of government support in pursuit of sustainable tourism by the industry. In fact, besides funding, the government of? cials hav e always shared their experience on environmental work with practitioners and listen to environmental problems encountered by practitioners. This two-way communication also implies a signi? ant amount of time devoted by both parties. Thus, government’s active participation may hasten the pace of environmental change. Other than the above-mentioned stakeholders in the hotel industry’s pursuit of sustainable tourism development, green groups are also another major contributor. They often complement the university’s environmental research, and green groups have also conducted some environmental research which may, to a certain extent, be applicable to the hotel environment. For instance, Friends of the Earth has investigated disappearing timber in tropical rain forests in relation to buildings.